Adenosine receptor A2b; Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.

Glicentin-related polypeptide; Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, fro [...]

Adenosine receptor A2b; Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide; Potent stimulator of insulin secretion and relatively poor inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.

Adenosine receptor A2b; Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; G-protein coupled receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP- 1). Ligand binding triggers activation of a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased intracellular cAMP levels. Plays a role in regulating insulin secretion in response to GLP-1 (By similarity).

Adenosine receptor A2b; Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.

Secretin; Hormone involved in different processes, such as regulation of the pH of the duodenal content, food intake and water homeostasis. Exerts its biological effects by binding to secretin receptor (SCTR), a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the basolateral domain of several cells. Acts as a key gastrointestinal hormone by regulating the pH of the duodenal content (By similarity). Secreted by S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkuehn and regulates the pH of the duodenum by (1) inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid from the parietal cells of the stomach and (2) s [...]

Adenosine receptor A2b; Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide; VIP causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure, stimulates myocardial contractility, increases glycogenolysis and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder.

Adenosine receptor A2b; Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1; This is a receptor for VIP. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. The affinity is VIP = PACAP-27 > PACAP-38.

Adenosine receptor A2b; Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 2; This is a receptor for VIP as well as PACAP-38 and -27, the activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. Can be coupled to phospholipase C.

Calcium homeostasis modulator protein 1; Pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel required for sensory perception of sweet, bitter and umami tastes (By similarity). Specifically present in type II taste bud cells, where it plays a central role in sweet, bitter and umami taste perception by inducing ATP release from the cell, ATP acting as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways (By similarity). Together with CALHM3, forms a fast-activating voltage-gated ATP-release channel in type II taste bud cells (TBCs) (By similarity). Acts both as a voltage-gat [...]

Polycystic kidney disease protein 1-like 3; Component of a calcium channel. May act as a sour taste receptor by forming a calcium channel with PKD1L3 in gustatory cells; however, its contribution to sour taste perception is unclear in vivo and may be indirect.

Calcium homeostasis modulator protein 1; Pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel required for sensory perception of sweet, bitter and umami tastes (By similarity). Specifically present in type II taste bud cells, where it plays a central role in sweet, bitter and umami taste perception by inducing ATP release from the cell, ATP acting as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways (By similarity). Together with CALHM3, forms a fast-activating voltage-gated ATP-release channel in type II taste bud cells (TBCs) (By similarity). Acts both as a voltage-gat [...]

Polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 protein; Pore-forming subunit of a heterotetrameric, non-selective cation channel that is permeable to Ca(2+). Pore-forming subunit of a calcium- permeant ion channel formed by PKD1L2 and PKD1L1 in primary cilia, where it controls cilium calcium concentration, but does not affect cytoplasmic calcium concentration. The channel formed by PKD1L2 and PKD1L1 in primary cilia regulates sonic hedgehog/SHH signaling and GLI2 transcription. Pore-forming subunit of a channel formed by PKD1L2 and PKD1L3 that contributes to sour taste perception in gustatory cell [...]

Calcium homeostasis modulator protein 1; Pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel required for sensory perception of sweet, bitter and umami tastes (By similarity). Specifically present in type II taste bud cells, where it plays a central role in sweet, bitter and umami taste perception by inducing ATP release from the cell, ATP acting as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways (By similarity). Together with CALHM3, forms a fast-activating voltage-gated ATP-release channel in type II taste bud cells (TBCs) (By similarity). Acts both as a voltage-gat [...]

1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2; The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.

Calcium homeostasis modulator protein 1; Pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel required for sensory perception of sweet, bitter and umami tastes (By similarity). Specifically present in type II taste bud cells, where it plays a central role in sweet, bitter and umami taste perception by inducing ATP release from the cell, ATP acting as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways (By similarity). Together with CALHM3, forms a fast-activating voltage-gated ATP-release channel in type II taste bud cells (TBCs) (By similarity). Acts both as a voltage-gat [...]

Taste receptor type 1 member 1; Putative taste receptor. TAS1R1/TAS1R3 responds to the umami taste stimulus (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Sequence differences within and between species can significantly influence the selectivity and specificity of taste responses.

Calcium homeostasis modulator protein 1; Pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel required for sensory perception of sweet, bitter and umami tastes (By similarity). Specifically present in type II taste bud cells, where it plays a central role in sweet, bitter and umami taste perception by inducing ATP release from the cell, ATP acting as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways (By similarity). Together with CALHM3, forms a fast-activating voltage-gated ATP-release channel in type II taste bud cells (TBCs) (By similarity). Acts both as a voltage-gat [...]

Taste receptor type 1 member 2; Putative taste receptor. TAS1R2/TAS1R3 recognizes diverse natural and synthetic sweeteners.

Calcium homeostasis modulator protein 1; Pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel required for sensory perception of sweet, bitter and umami tastes (By similarity). Specifically present in type II taste bud cells, where it plays a central role in sweet, bitter and umami taste perception by inducing ATP release from the cell, ATP acting as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways (By similarity). Together with CALHM3, forms a fast-activating voltage-gated ATP-release channel in type II taste bud cells (TBCs) (By similarity). Acts both as a voltage-gat [...]

Taste receptor type 1 member 3; Putative taste receptor. TAS1R1/TAS1R3 responds to the umami taste stimulus (the taste of monosodium glutamate). TAS1R2/TAS1R3 recognizes diverse natural and synthetic sweeteners. TAS1R3 is essential for the recognition and response to the disaccharide trehalose (By similarity). Sequence differences within and between species can significantly influence the selectivity and specificity of taste responses.

Calcium homeostasis modulator protein 1; Pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel required for sensory perception of sweet, bitter and umami tastes (By similarity). Specifically present in type II taste bud cells, where it plays a central role in sweet, bitter and umami taste perception by inducing ATP release from the cell, ATP acting as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural gustatory pathways (By similarity). Together with CALHM3, forms a fast-activating voltage-gated ATP-release channel in type II taste bud cells (TBCs) (By similarity). Acts both as a voltage-gat [...]

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5; Voltage-modulated Ca(2+)-activated, monovalent cation channel (VCAM) that mediates a transient membrane depolarization and plays a central role in taste transduction. Monovalent-specific, non-selective cation channel that mediates the transport of Na(+), K(+) and Cs(+) ions equally well. Activated directly by increases in intracellular Ca(2+), but is impermeable to it. Gating is voltage-dependent and displays rapid activation and deactivation kinetics upon channel stimulation even during sustained elevations in Ca(2+). A [...]

Cholecystokinin-58 desnonopeptide; This peptide hormone induces gall bladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut. Its function in the brain is not clear. Binding to CCK-A receptors stimulates amylase release from the pancreas, binding to CCK-B receptors stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Cholecystokinin receptor type A; Receptor for cholecystokinin. Mediates pancreatic growth and enzyme secretion, smooth muscle contraction of the gall bladder and stomach. Has a 1000-fold higher affinity for CCK rather than for gastrin. It modulates feeding and dopamine-induced behavior in the central and peripheral nervous system. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.

Cholecystokinin-58 desnonopeptide; This peptide hormone induces gall bladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut. Its function in the brain is not clear. Binding to CCK-A receptors stimulates amylase release from the pancreas, binding to CCK-B receptors stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Cannabinoid receptor 1; G-protein coupled receptor for endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), including N-arachidonoylethanolamide (also called anandamide or AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), as well as phytocannabinoids, such as delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Mediates many cannabinoid-induced effects, acting, among others, on food intake, memory loss, gastrointestinal motility, catalepsy, ambulatory activity, anxiety, chronic pain. Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP. In the hypothalamus, may have a dual effect on mitochondrial respiration depending upon the agon [...]

Cholecystokinin-58 desnonopeptide; This peptide hormone induces gall bladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut. Its function in the brain is not clear. Binding to CCK-A receptors stimulates amylase release from the pancreas, binding to CCK-B receptors stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 membrane form; Cell surface glycoprotein receptor involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T- cell activation. Acts as a positive regulator of T-cell coactivation, by binding at least ADA, CAV1, IGF2R, and PTPRC. Its binding to CAV1 and CARD11 induces T-cell proliferation and NF-kappa-B activation in a T-cell receptor/CD3-dependent manner. Its interaction with ADA also regulates lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion. In association with FAP is involved in the pericellular proteolysis of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the mi [...]

Cholecystokinin-58 desnonopeptide; This peptide hormone induces gall bladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut. Its function in the brain is not clear. Binding to CCK-A receptors stimulates amylase release from the pancreas, binding to CCK-B receptors stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Free fatty acid receptor 1; G-protein coupled receptor for medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Fatty acid binding increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and may also enhance the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). May also play a role in bone homeostasis; receptor signaling activates pathways that inhibit osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Ligand binding leads to a conformation change that triggers signaling via G-proteins that activate phospholipase C, leading to an increase of the [...]

Cholecystokinin-58 desnonopeptide; This peptide hormone induces gall bladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut. Its function in the brain is not clear. Binding to CCK-A receptors stimulates amylase release from the pancreas, binding to CCK-B receptors stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Free fatty acid receptor 3; G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin- sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha f [...]

Cholecystokinin-58 desnonopeptide; This peptide hormone induces gall bladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut. Its function in the brain is not clear. Binding to CCK-A receptors stimulates amylase release from the pancreas, binding to CCK-B receptors stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Free fatty acid receptor 4; Receptor for medium and long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs). Signals via a G(q)/G(11)-coupled pathway. Acts as a receptor for omega- 3 fatty acids and mediates robust anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in macrophages and fat cells. The anti-inflammatory effects involve inhibition of TAK1 through a beta-arrestin 2 (ARRB2)/TAB1-dependent effect, but independent of the G(q)/G(11)- coupled pathway. Mediates potent insulin sensitizing and antidiabetic effects by repressing macrophage-induced tissue inflammation. May mediate the taste of fatty acids. Mediates [...]